In terms of the motifs used, botanical designs, geometric patterns, dragonflies, butterflies, peacock feathers and spiders were all popular designs. Amongst the pieces sold was a large shade 16 panel Linenfold table lamp whichrealised $6,190. The Neustadt Collection of Tiffany Glass contains an archive of all the glass used by Tiffany Studios, so it is further possible to identify forgeries that are found to have been made with glass not by Tiffany Studios. / What museums have Tiffany Lamps ? Check out our lowest priced option within Dale Tiffany Lamps, the Scotch Boy Blown Glass 12.5 in. Lifting the base cap and looking in the base, you should see grayish lead. Dale Tiffany TA100682 Tiffany One Light Desk Lamp. Since bronze develops a patina over time due to oxidation, you can expect to see a slightly greenish or brownish hue on original Tiffany Studios lamps bases. FREE SHIPPING | SHIPS IN 1 - 2 . Dale Tiffany Lamps - Wayfair Canada Showing results for "dale tiffany lamps" 7,345 Results Sort by Recommended Sale Bladen Lamp by World Menagerie $209.99 $275.99 ( 57) Free shipping Mack Rose Glass Novelty Lamp by Springdale Lighting $429.99 ( 1) Free shipping Sale Engebretson Resin Table Lamp by Alcott Hill $373.99 $403.99 ( 101) Free shipping The shade is made from dozens of pieces of stained glass, expertly cut and fitted together to create a beautiful pattern. About Us Founded in 1979, Dale Tiffany started out manufacturing both art glass lamps and windows. First, turn the lamp over and look under the base. In a small number of lamps mosaic bases were, however used. no cracks, scuffs or anything. Linenfold This characteristic shade motif resembles geometric patterns but with larger panels. Other popular vintage lamps worth money include those made by well-known designers or companies. Most reach hundreds of thousands and sometimes several million dollars. They produce high-quality tiffany-styled lamps that celebrate Louis Comfort Tiffany's original designs. Generally, the condition of the item is good, although with cracks that have been stabilized by a glass specialist. Plus, they offer free shipping on orders over $50, which is always a bonus. Authentic Tiffany lamps are highly prized for their beauty, craftsmanship and historical significance. Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know.
Antique Tiffany Lamps: Guide to Iconic Masterpieces A botanically-inspired wall decor that gives exuberant life to any interior. 4 New Dale Tiffany Inc. miniature wisteria lamp under 8 total height. However, they can be quite expensive, so youll need to decide if the price is worth it for you. Shes written over 400 articles on antique collecting for The Spruce Crafts. a brownish or greenish film on the surface of the metal that occurs naturally as a result of oxidation over a long period.
discontinued dale tiffany lamps Founded in 1979, Dale Tiffany started manufacturing Tiffany-styled lamps and shades, emphasizing high quality reproductions of Louis Comfort Tiffany's designs.Dale Tiffany soon became the first factory worldwide to standardize stained-glass production. Vintage lighting fixtures are all the rage these days. The base: Tiffany almost always made its lamps with a bronze base. There are only a few places to find precious antique Tiffany lamps, but your best shot is online auction websites. Only several pieces feature art pottery bases, making them rare. There is no other relationship. Authentic Tiffany lamps have developed a patina over time. Creating a market for affordable high quality stained glass products that up until this time were out of reach to the . The most expensive Tiffany lamps sell for upwards of $1 million. But if youre staring at a lamp in your home or at an estate sale or antique shop, look for these characteristics to help determine if it is an original. The lamp shade is hand Includes a hand rolled art glass shade in a leaf based design. Tiffany Studios Leaded glass aquatic fish Lamp, 8.Tiffany Studioscurtain border Floor Lamp, 9.Tiffany Studios Eighteen-light Lily Table Lamp, 10.TIFFANY STUDIOS GreekLeaded Dichroic Glass and Bronze Table Lamp, 11.TIFFANY STUDIOS Linenfold Favrile Glass and Gilt-Bronze Table Lamp, 12.A SECOND-LIGHT LILY FAVRILE GLASS AND PATINATED BRONZE TABLE LAMP TIFFANY STUDIO, 13.Tiffany Studios Pomegranate Table Lamp, 14.TIFFANY STUDIOS ADJUSTABLE DOUBLE STUDENT LAMP, 10 Most Valuable Antique Buttons: Complete Value Guide, 25 Most Valuable Antique Fishing Lures: Complete Value Guide, Vintage and Antique Piggy Banks: Complete Value Guide, Antique and Vintage Ashtrays: Complete Value Guide, 5 Most Valuable Antique Straight Razors: Complete Value Guide, Top 10 Most Valuable Case Knives: Complete Value Guide, Vintage Linens (Identification and Value Guide), Vintage Luggage: Brands, Identification, and Buying Guide, Vintage Playing Cards (Identification and Value Guide), Vintage Japanese Music Box Rare Collectibles, Sports Memorabilia Price and Identification Guide, White Sewing Machine 101: Everything you need to know. Tiffany lamps are some of the most expensive and valuable items in the world, the original items were produced from the 1890s to the 1930s. This Tiffany Studios lamp has an original heat lid in a matching patina and is signed.
Most expensive Tiffany Lamps - Authentic Tiffany Lamps The originals, those made in the 1890s to 1930s by Tiffany Studios under. Out of 100 emails I get, probably just 4 or 5 percent of them are authentic, says Dennis Tesdell, a private Tiffany lamp broker and consultant who assess lamps through his website AntiqueTiffanyLamps.com. It is hard to repeat such an endeavor today. An original LC Tiffany miniature wisteria and a Dale Tiffany miniature wisteria are shown below. What Makes Antique Tiffany Lamps Valuable? You can find Tiffany hanging lamps and chandeliers in downward- and upward-facing styles. Besides inventing favrile glass, they developed the technique of attaching stained glass with a copper foil. This is a difficult question to answer, as the value of an old Tiffany lamp can vary greatly depending on its age, condition, and provenance. Dale Tiffany. Flora Floral motif was a typical Tiffany Studios lamp characteristic. Discover Dale Tiffany Lamps Tiffany-style lamps, reminiscent of the art nouveau period, are known for their iconic appeal and timeless beauty. Dale Tiffany Inc. was established in the 1970s. Gavel down prices on these examples dating to the 1960s ranged from $960 to $5,400 (not including buyer's premium). 21"H Poelking Blue Lily 2-Light Table Lamp Dark Antique Bronze. diameter of the shade. Most are not the real thing. Coleman lamps are known for their durability and quality, so theyre a good investment if youre looking for a long-lasting lamp.
Tiffany Lamps | Hayneedle Although almost a hundred years have passed since the companys closure, no one has yet managed to produce such quality pieces. The condition is excellent, with a 16-inch shade. Fast forward a hundred years or so and todays replica Tiffany style lamps are mass produced in places like China, India and Vietnam. It should be pointed out that there was no further connection between the two corporations. Ever since her grandmother showed her their familys collection of antique pocket watches, Dakota has grown her love for vintage timepieces and even has a small collection of her own. It's more rare, but some have found originals at antique shops and estate sales. A lot of the shades have a model number, which can match the base if made as a set. Sixteen shades etched L.C.T. Chesterfield Resin Table Lamp . Check the lamp shade for any distinctive markings or words. Lamp is approximately 7 inches tall. Here, you can find a variety of antique lamps, including both floor and table lamps. Shop Wayfair for the best dale tiffany table lamps. Sometimes there is confusion because both Dale and LC Tiffany can be marked with stamped metal tags. Geometric Some geometric forms were often an inspiration for artisans, who enjoyed creating the intricate rectangle and square patterns. 1505, on the shade with a reproduction Tiffany tree trunk base. The inspiration for the Tiffany lamps was widely drawn from global sources ranging from the Roman glass collection, stained glass windows of the Gothic movement, the Persian glass design, and the Asian and European craftsmanship. On December 13th, 2018 Louis Comfort Tiffanys Pond Lily Table lamp sold at Christies for $3,372,500. A company named Century Studios also has also been producing high-quality reproduction Tiffany lamps since 1986. The original Tiffany lamps were made with a heavy ring made from lead inside a hollow bronze (or sometimes enameled or mosaic) base. The originals, those made in the 1890s to 1930s by Tiffany Studios under the watchful eye of Louis Comfort Tiffany, can be worth anywhere from $4,000 to over $1 million. He started experimenting with art glass in the early 1880s and established the decorative arts company Tiffany Glass Co. in 1885 in New York.
Antique Lamps Value and Identification Guide Many of the glass shades were also stamped. 344) measures 47.31 cm in diameterand the base (also model no. Are Dale Tiffany lamps valuable? It likely sold for more than most of the other reproduction lamps in the grouping due to the size and the attractiveness of the vivid coloring in the shade. These are five of the best places to buy vintage style lighting fixtures online. The hues are hoisted on slender curving stems that grow out of a base in the shape of water lily flowers and pads. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'besttiffanylamps_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_24',179,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-besttiffanylamps_com-medrectangle-3-0');I talk about where Tiffany Lamps were made here! Lilly acquired the Peony Border floor lamp around 193 1914. Brass, zinc, white metal, plastic or wood bases are common in fake models. The Dale Tiffany tag is stamped as Dale Tiffany inc.. Stamps: The base of Tiffany lamps almost always carried a Tiffany Studios stamp with a number. If you are looking for an exquisite Tiffany Lamp or Tiffany Studios artwork to add to your collection, Christies Auction House is the perfect place to find it. Fig. Look for the marking that is stamped on the inner metal rim. Rayo lamps are known for their quality and durability, so theyre definitely worth the investment if youre looking for a long-lasting lamp. Clara Driscoll: Breaking Through a Stained-Glass Ceiling. They offer a wide selection of both new and antique pieces, so you can find something that fits your style. Vintage Tiffany Dale Stained Glass Dragonfly Lamp Shade Only. You can also tap the glass to see if it is loose. At nearly 70 cm in height with ashade that is just over 50 cm in diameter this impressive lamp features purpleand maroon poppies set against a mottled and shaded blue backdrop. What is a Dale Tiffany lamp worth? Sometimes, you can find a serial number and lamps featuring the makers mark with the company name Tiffany Studios New York. It's always worth going to an antiques expert to check these things out. We use this to improve our products, services and user experience. The fish are swimming, encircled by seaweed in shades of lime green, and stand out against a water-like opalescent blue and green ripple glass. Secondly the color of the glass actually changes when the lamp is lit. Originally when I wrote this blog the most expensive Tiffany Lamp was sold forunder $3 million. Practically all original lamps feature a hollow bronze base with a heavy ring of lead inside. (80 cm.) They are typically made of glass and have a very intricate design. The shade (model no.
We continue with installation and care tips and conclude with some buying tips. They offer a unique, one-of-a-kind look that can really add personality to your home.
Dale Tiffany - LunaWarehouse Authentic Tiffany lamps are highly prized for their beauty, craftsmanship and historical significance. Unfortunately, it is hard to find an original antique Tiffany lamp created in Tiffany Studios until 1928. All Tiffany lamps had a unique motif and sometimes custom design. Bronze was expensive material at those times, and artisans had a problem creating the base. These nicer, vintage in their own right reproductions are not to be confused with mass-marketed products branded Dale Tiffany or those sold on home shopping television channels. If you want to view one of these stunning lamps then The Metropolitan Museum ofModern Art, New York, have their own Pond Lily, gifted by Mr andMrs Hugh Grant in 1974.
Dale Tiffany Lamp | #400302893 Overall, the item is in a good condition. The solution was to add an extra, heavy ring made of lead. If they have a genuine Tiffany lamp, it could be worth a lot of money. Imitations are common. It was able to make a return to the markets in the 1950s, but the resurgence did not last long as reproduction of the Tiffany lamps had already begun and were all over the market in the 1970s. Authentic Tiffany Chandelier Best Places To See Them, Tiffany Floor Lamp Tiffany Dragonfly Floor Lamp. Lamps in good condition with no major damage or repairs are also typically worth more than thosein need of restoration. Rayo is another well-known name when it comes to vintage lamps. diameter of shade. Tiffany Studios used various glass techniques while creating lamps, including confetti glass. Dale Tiffany Authentic 26" Stained Glass Table Lamp with Flowers C $467.74 C $100.66 shipping or Best Offer Tiffany Antique Replica bronze lamp autograph C $3,740.72 C $800.53 shipping or Best Offer Dale Tiffany Inc. Lamp Stained Glass Nightstand Desk Peacock Limited Signed C $334.11 or Best Offer 12 watching This item has an estimated value of $60,000 $80,000. However, since the hollow bronze wasn't strong enough to support the stained glass, the creators added a lead ring to the base to provide support.
How to Find Markings on a Tiffany Lamp | eHow If the piece you want to buy is improperly attached and looks cheaply, it is probably a reproduction. or Best Offer. Ultimately, youll need to bring it to an expert who has years of experience dealing with them. Tiffany bronze bases often develop a patina as they age. Such a position allows sending the light outwards and lighting much of the room. Most can reach hundreds of thousands of dollars at auctions. Because of their beauty and rarity, Tiffany lamps are highly sought after by collectors and can fetch high prices at auction. Authentic Tiffany lamp shades should be either globe or cone shaped and flow organically. ( 4) Free shipping. Most authentic Tiffany Lamp shades are signed.
Dale Tiffany - Lamps - Lighting - The Home Depot If a stamp is present, it should read "TIFFANY STUDIOS NEW YORK" and display a makers mark. Thanks to their specific design, they provide an incredible feeling of luxury in the room where they are located. The bold and myriad color palette, ranging from deep crimson to vivid magenta and offset by a rich azure setting, provides the shade with exceptional dynamism. high, 25 in. This outstanding Tiffany Studios floor lamp has a bronze harp base with a wonderful orange peel textured gilt gold patinated patina and ornate adorning base. $359.00. Pamela is an antique expert and the author of three books on the subject. Vinyl Records Value: Your Old Value Records Worth a Fortune, Vintage Stiffel Lamps: Value and Price Guide, Vintage Smith Corona Typewriter: History, Models, and Value, Vintage Schwinn Bikes: [Types, Identification, and Values], Vintage Rooster Cookie Jar Identification and Value Guide. Tiffany Style Butterfly Lamp-Stained Glass Table Lamp $182.00 Amora Lighting However, theyre definitely worth the investment if youre looking for a truly unique piece for your home.
Amazon.com: Dale Tiffany Lamp Founded in 1979, Dale Tiffany started out manufacturing both art glass lamps and windows. The genuine art-glass shade is hand assembled, and the valiant-bronze finish anchors the traditional styling. As a discerning investor in fine antique lighting, it therefore pays to be extra vigilant and wide awake, ready to spot a fake when you see one. height including pigtail finial, 21inches (55.8cm.) You shouldnt look for perfection when buying an antique Tiffany lamp, but the condition is crucial for determining the price. The base has a dark patina brown and is in good condition with some wear to the surface. There should be a distinctive mark or markings somewhere on the lamp. What Sets Tiffany Lamps Apart?
Are Dale Tiffany lamps valuable? Lead filling. About Dale Tiffany. The company was founded back in 1908, and its lamps are still highly sought-after by collectors today. But even this is not always fool proof. Detecting a Tiffany Lamp Forgery by the Neustadt Collection: Click on the link to read my blog on the best museums to visit and see authentic Tiffany Lamps: Tiffany Lamp Collections Best Places for Real Tiffany Lamp. This large 1960s reproduction lamp signed Tiffany Studios New York Fruit no. The Tiffany Double Student Lamp With Original Tiffany Studios Shades in the Acorn design and Bronze Base. Other than faint cracks and hairlines, the item is in a good condition. Interestingly, dragonflies wings typically came away from the shade, creating a specific three-dimensional appearance. In Stock. Castle Rock, CO. 2020-07-09 09:32:51 . 3. Fig. The most expensive Tiffany Lamp that has ever been auctioned at Christies was a beautiful peacock lamp that sold for $5.2 million in 2009.
Antique Tiffany Lamp Value (Identification & Price Guides) Thanks to their enduring popularity, Lampsthat are have harmoniously designed shades formed from a mosaic of hundreds ofindividual glass pieces are considered the ultimate examples and the cost of tiffany lamps such as these sell for between $100,000 $150,000. The date of manufacture should be printed on the lamp on one of the places mentioned. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'besttiffanylamps_com-netboard-1','ezslot_20',847,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-besttiffanylamps_com-netboard-1-0');The Chrysler Museum of Art in Norfolk, Virginia also has a collection of Tiffany chandeliers, including the Daffodil chandelier, which is valued at over $4 million.
Tiffany Style Table Lamps (Big Tiffany Sale now on!) So what to do if you think you have a Tiffany lamp in your possession? Weve rounded up five of the best places to buy vintage lighting fixtures online. You can check out my detailed guide on how to identify real from fake genuine Tiffany Lamps. Reproduction Tiffany Floral Glass Lamp Sold for $5,100, Reproduction Tiffany Lily Pad Lamp Sold for $2,400, Reproduction Tiffany Lamp with Floral Shade Sold for $2,160, Reproduction Tiffany Lamp with Fruit Shade Sold for $5,400, Reproduction Tiffany Woodbine on Green Lamp Sold for $3,000, 10 Rarest and Most Valuable Coins in the World, Kennedy Half Dollar Values and Prices (1964-2015), The High Value of Vintage Christmas Ornaments, Victorian Furniture Identification and Price Guide, 4 Types of Valuable and Vintage Advertising Signs, Guide to Identifying and Valuing Vintage Mechanical Banks. For example, one Tiffany floor lamp sold for $700,000 in a recent . This lamp has a leaded glass shade in purple and maroonpoppies set against a mottled and shaded blue background. $ 109 .99.
Tiffany lamps: How to tell real from fake - Antique Trader Features a patinated bronze, leaded glass. But where do you find these sought-after pieces?
Luxury Wall Accents | Perigold + Free Shipping. There are many other great antique lamp brands, so be sure to research before making a purchase. Most times, there seems to be difficulty in distinguishing between the two products because they share almost all attributes. The lamp was acquired by Lilly Elizabeth Peterson, directly from Tiffany studio, circa around 1913 1914. After finding a way to attach stained glass without thick lead rods, Louis started creating motte delicate stained-glass lamp designs. If you want to buy your own Tiffany Style Lamp then check out my lamp reviews, such as the Best Wisteria Lamps. $128 $175 26% OFF. This lamp sold withinestimate at $141,450.
Victrola lamps are known for their quality and durability, so theyre definitely worth the investment if youre looking for a long-lasting vintage lamp. Tiffany lamps are famous for the vibrant colors and varied textures used in the glass design. Victrola is another popular brand of vintage lamps. Signs of age: An authentic lamp wont look brand new. The more popular designs can range from thedreamy flowing floral designs like the Tiffany Daffodil lamp to the Orientaldesigns like the Tiffany Poppy Lamp. by Dale Tiffany. From an early age, shes had a passion for antiques. In order to support the heavy glass shades, a heavy ring of lead was placed in the base. You can find these antique lamps in museums, historical buildings, and even in some homes. Free shipping. If you find your bargain Tiffany Lamps for sale, but they have some damage to its shade then check out my detailed lamp repair guide. Tiffanys floor lamps are large and typically come with upwards flute-shaped shades. Typical vintage Tiffany stamped tags read, "TIFFANY STUDIOS NEW YORK." $699.00. She co-founded the Costume Jewelry Collectors International, a global educational website. What is Tiffany . The lamp 52.7 cm in height sold $25,200, which wasless than its estimate. The Dale Tiffany TT101110 Aldridge Table Lamp Antique Bronze features a resin base with an antique bronze finish. Reproduction lamps tend to use brass, zinc, white metal, wood or even plastic bases instead. Enjoy Free Shipping on most stuff, even big stuff. With thinner joints, smaller pieces of glass can be used to create finer details and more intricate designs. Opt out is not available. These lamps are often very ornate and can be quite expensive. A Dragonfly stained glass table lamp from the Antiques Roadshow Collection, in very good condition, can be valued up to 1,000 USD.The Antiques Roadshow Collection issued reproductions of the famous originals, those made in the 1890s to 1930s by Tiffany Studios. Adam So Louis Comfort Tiffany, the son is born in New York city in 1848 and he grows up in this world of luxury goods. 2023 Active Interest Media All rights reserved. There are a small number that use a chain pull instead. It is often made of plain brass without platina. The pattern of original lamps tend to be more natural in style than the fakes. Knock the shade. Next, hold the top of the lampshade and tap the glass lightly. As with the base, the stamp should read "TIFFANY STUDIOS NEW YORK." In this blog we discover the most expensive antique Tiffany Lamps in the World. The LC Tiffany wisteria miniature is about 16; the new Dale Tiffany wisteria miniature is under 8. Original tags are virtually always covered with patina and not left as bare metal as many of the Dale Tiffany tags. These however are not difficult to make so you will need to look for further signs. This 1960s reproduction lamp signed Tiffany Studios New York on the shade with a reproduction Tiffany base sold for $2,400(not including buyer's premium) at Morphy Auctions in December 2014. The base is finished in a beautiful antique bronze finish. How to identify a Real Tiffany Lamp Tiffany Lamp Appraisal. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The second set of eight tendrils suspends eight favrile glass shades to depict the pink lotus flowers of globe shape, the tendrils falling along the shaft, spreading and spreading out to enclose green tesserae mosaic to resemble a large spreading lotus leaf chased on the edges to demonstrate the curl of the leaf edge. This lamp has an estimated value of $450,555 $600,000, This is a Property from the Collection of Jeep and Carla Harned, Distinguished by a rare reticulated Arch and Leaf base, Shade stamp: TIFFANY STUDIOS NEW YORK 1505-3, Beyond its intrinsic magnificence, the peony is also considered to have had a great cultural and symbolic appeal for Tiffany. $520.20. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! Much of the glass produced by Tiffany Studios contains specks of color, often known as confetti glass. The company has been making lamps for over 80 years, and its products are still in high demand. 31 in. When you come across a possible antique find, learn how to inspect each piece closely both the shade and the lamp base and pay attention to the following characteristics to help you separate the wheat from the chaff. High quality hand blown or handcrafted art glass creating one of a kind colors and finishes. Ask Your Own Antiques Question Antique Expert: Dr-Caravaggio The Tiffany Lamps and Tiffany Studios artworks that are sold at Christies auction house are some of the finest and most valuable examples of Tiffanys work. A chandelier hoist typically consists of a motorized drum [], where to buy genuine antique Tiffany floor lamps, detailed step by step guide on how to clean Tiffany lamps, Most Famous Or Popular Vintage Lamp Brands. The shade is further accented by two rectangular rows of dappled green and amber/green glass spiraling the border base. Some of the most valuable and well-known authentic tiffany chandeliers can be found in museums and historical buildings around the world. Genuine antique Tiffany lamps will either have a turn-paddle knob for operating the lamp or, in some cases, pull chains may have been used. Instead, if youre keen to source a genuine Tiffany lamp for your home or art collection, you need to know your stuff. Such a glass provided unique coloring that was very difficult to achieve. When you want to buy one at an auction, you should ask about its origins since most have a rich history. in perfect condition. So there you have it! These lamps can be used as both a source of light and a decoration, making them a versatile addition to any home. Though their value can vary depending on factors like age, condition, and provenance, Tiffany lamps typically sell for high prices. This lamp has often been known as Flowering Lotus or Descending Lotus. And, they offer free shipping on orders over $100, which is always a bonus. Professionally finished repairs rarely affect the lamps value much, but it is better to have a piece with as many original parts as possible. The unique mixture of colorful glass and ornate metalwork makes these lamps a striking addition to classic and contemporary spaces alike. Tiffany lamps' value can be anywhere from $4,000 to over $1 million. 2023 CNBC LLC. How they are stamped varies over time. 5. Dale Tiffany. Since Tiffany wanted to support young artists, he founded the Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation at Laurelton Hall in 1919. E-Book Overview The best way to become a confident, effective public speaker, according to the authors of this landmark book, is simply to do it. What they're hoping they havea genuine Tiffany lampcould be worth a small fortune. Its also important to remember that an item stamped Tiffany & Co., the high-end jewelry and fine goods shop, is not the same. The most ever paid for an original was $2.8 million. This lamp also features a type of rare glass: dichroic glass, meaning it reflects light differently depending on the direction and the source of the light. Vintage Pairpoint lamps can sell for several thousand dollars. Hanging Tiffany Lamps are usually very valuable and are often worth a lot of money. The company was in business until 1928, five years before Louis died in 1933. A genuine Tiffany lamp base will ooze quality, while cheaper reproductions use inferior materials such as zinc, resin or hard plastic, and shoddy workmanship.