was the first man to use the army to establish a personal autocracy at Rome.. Sulla first came into prominence when he served as quaestor (107-106 B.C.) [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. "[132] The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. The veto power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the consulships of Pompey and Crassus.[150]. Church and W. J. Brodribb. Historical documents : how to read them. . [59] Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of Aesernia, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. [87], Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign enemies". The Acropolis was then besieged. Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna's son-in-law, became one of Sulla's targets, and fled the city. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies . Sulla and the proscriptions Lucius Cornelius Sulla was consul in 88 BC (and again in 80 BC) and dictator from 82 to 79 BC. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War. If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. [61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime. A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. the execution of Granius, shortly before his own death). This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler. 82 BC. This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Click the title for location and availability information. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. Making of America. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. [84] Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. . This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. A primary source is a first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic. Ideally, each ensemble is diverse, both in cultural background and practical experience. Sulla's body was cremated and his ashes placed in his tomb in the Campus Martius. The ancient biography of Sulla written by Plutarch is useful. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. N.S. Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy.[74]. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. [73] The consuls, fearful of intimidation of Sulpicius and his armed bodyguards, declared a suspension of public business (iustitium) which led to Sulpicius and his mob forcing the consuls to flee. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. Sulla was closely associated with Venus,[9] adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favored of Aphrodite/Venus.[10]. Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. Updated on October 07, 2019. Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. Sulla 5 (L. Cornelius Sulla Felix) - Roman dictator, 82-79 B.C. "[157] This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext, he might have a man crucified, but, on another occasion, would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses, and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property. To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over". When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. porterville unified school district human resources; Tags . He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. Wikipedia entry. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Learning in Black and White. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. "[148][149] Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another step in the Republic's fall. 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. Primary sources are documents, images, relics, or other works that provide firsthand details of a historical or scientific event. Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. [13][14][15] Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time. Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. They had, however, fallen on hard times. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. But it was from 59, Nero's fifth year as emperor that things started to go seriously . When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . Primary Sources Sallust. 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. Sulla, in full Lucius Cornelius Sulla or later Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, (born 138 bcedied 79 bce, Puteoli [Pozzuoli, near Naples, Italy]), victor in the first full-scale civil war in Roman history (88-82 bce) and subsequently dictator (82-79), who carried out notable constitutional reforms in an attempt to strengthen the Roman Republic during the last century of its existence. For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. J. Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. [124] The purge did little to strengthen resolve and when Sulla arrived at Rome, the city opened its gates and his opponents fled. [36] Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla a patrician, even if a poor one, as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. During these marriages, he engaged in an affair with Nicopolis, who also was older than him. If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian. [131] The purge went on for several months. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. This distinction is important because it will affect how you understand these sources. Categories . sulla primary sources. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including Publius Cornelius Cethegus, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. Newspapers. [92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. [56] When the pro-Italian plebeian tribune Marcus Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91BC while trying again to pass a bill extending Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted. Primary Source 10. [112] However, this and Sulla's delay in Asia are "not enough to absolve him of the charge of being more concerned with revenge on opponents in Italy than with Mithridates". [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. [109] Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at Dardanus in autumn 85BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus. [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. His family was patrician, part of the ruling class in ancient Rome. This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. The next year, 96BC, he assigned "probably pro consule as was customary" to Cilicia in Asia Minor. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. [24] Keaveney 2005, pp. Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. Se l'azienda ha pi di 200 dipendenti, deve essere presente anche il rappresentante sindacale aziendale (RSA). He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. [30] Sulla was popular with the men, charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including Marius. The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. Pueblo, CO 81001. Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. At the meeting, he took the seat between the Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, and Ariobarzanes, seeking to gain psychological advantage over the Partian envoy by portraying the Parthians and the Cappadocians as equals with Rome as superior. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. Essentially, they're sources about primary sources. [citation needed]. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. [65] This had been preceded by the lex Julia, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. Editor: Paul Halsall. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. [109] When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. The two greatest of these were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. The Athenian politician Aristion had himself elected as strategos epi ton hoplon and established a tyranny over the city. Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. No action was taken against the troops nor action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. Some of these historians lived at the time of the events, and therefore, may actually be primary sources, but others, especially Plutarch (CE 45-125), who covers men from multiple eras, lived later than the events they describe. [50][51], In 94BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of Tigranes the Great of Armenia from Cappadocia. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE) was a ruthless military commander, who first distinguished himself in the Numidian War under the command of Gaius Marius.His relationship with Marius soured during the conflicts that would follow and lead to a rivalry which would only end with Marius' death.Sulla eventually seized control of the Republic, named himself dictator, and after eliminating his . He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. 45-120 CE) was a Platonist philosopher, best known to the general public as author of his "Parallel Lives" of paired Greek and Roman statesmen and military leaders.He was a voluminous writer, author also of a collection of "Moralia" or "Ethical Essays," mostly in dialogue format, many of them devoted to philosophical topics, not at all .