Hot Work Procedures and Permits (a) Scope and application. The controlling contractor must apprise the host employer of the information exchanged with the entry entities pursuant to this subparagraph. Surfaces covered with preservative coatings shall be stripped for at least 4 inches (10.16 cm) from the area of heat application or employees shall be protected by supplied air respirators in accordance with the requirements of 1910.134 of this chapter. Welding & cutting operations, conducted outside authorized hot work areas, includes extensive procedures for fire prevention. 1926.354 - Welding, cutting, and heating in way of preservative coatings. 1926.352 (a) When practical, objects to be welded, cut, or heated shall be moved to a designated safe location or, if the objects to be welded, cut, or heated cannot be readily moved, all movable fire hazards in the vicinity shall be taken to a safe place, or otherwise protected. OSHA Laws & Regulations 1926 Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) By Standard Number Standard Number > 1926 1926 - Table of Contents 1926 Subpart A - General 1926.1 - Purpose and scope. 0000036037 00000 n [12] The U.S. Coast Guard, at 33 CFR 126.15(c), requires prior permission of the Captain of the Port if welding or other hot work is to be carried out at a facility where dangerous cargoes as defined by 33 CFR 126.07 are located or being handled. 3. Such personnel shall be instructed as to the specific anticipated fire hazards and how the firefighting equipment provided is to be used. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.252 required fire prevention actions for welding/hot works. 1926.35 - Employee emergency action plans. 1926.1203 (d) 1926.1406 - Assembly/Disassemblyemployer procedures--general requirements. Sharing policies. For quick closing, valves on fuel gas cylinders shall not be opened more than 1 12 turns. The following requirements apply to entry into permit spaces that meet the conditions set forth in paragraph (e)(1) of this section: Any conditions making it unsafe to remove an entrance cover must be eliminated before the cover is removed. A hot work permit is a legal requirement in certain areas or job sites that gives workers or contractors the authorization to proceed with hot work activities. 0000031614 00000 n 1926.15 - Relationship to the Service Contract Act; Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act. Shall have valve protection caps in place except when in use, hooked up or secured for movement. hot work have been covered with a wet rag. 1926.1050 - Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart. 1926 Subpart R App G - 1926.502 (b)-(e) Fall Protection Systems Criteria and Practices. English 02/23/2023. Grounding circuits shall have resistance low enough to permit sufficient current to flow to cause the fuse or circuit breaker to interrupt the current. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Outreach Training Program (10- and 30-hour Cards), OSHA Training Institute Education Centers, Severe Storm and Flood Recovery Assistance, Inert-gas Metal-Arc Welding (Non-ferrous) 1/16- to 5/32-inch electrodes. Filter lenses shall have an appropriate shade number, as indicated in Table G-1, for the work performed. Defective hose, or hose in doubtful condition, shall not be used. 67 0 obj <> endobj xref 0000054473 00000 n 1926.152 Flammable liquids. Defective hose shall be removed from service. Hot work permit procedures can be found in the relevant standard operating procedure (SOP), safe work practice manual, or operations or maintenance guide that the stationary source uses to inform personnel when and how to perform hot work. 0000065715 00000 n Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work This standard presents provisions to prevent injury, loss of life, and loss of property from fire or explosion as a result of hot work projects such as welding, heat treating, grinding, and similar applications producing or using sparks, flames, or heat. Before entry operations begin, the controlling contractor must: Obtain the host employer's information about the permit space hazards and previous entry operations; and. }m?"Qwk&Ubm5"W`K`!xC_[2Vk"e,X,bYGv`[=. a. OSHA amended 29 CFR Part 1960 to implement its "Multi-Employer Worksite Policy" in the federal sector, as stated in 60 Federal Register (FR) 35040. The certification must be made before entry and must be made available to each employee entering the space or to that employee's authorized representative. They shall not be hoisted or transported by means of magnets or choker slings. TITLE 8 CCR Sections 4794-4799 and articles 82,83,87,88, & 90 (29 CFR 1910.251-255) (29 CFR 1926. 1926.1204 - Permit-required confined space program. the required city permits, when necessary, for such work. Oxygen shall not be used for ventilation, cooling or cleaning clothing or work areas. Ask what a fire watch is. Where practicable all combustibles shall be relocated at least 35 feet from the work site. +%o;F~w"W`OJMRSgMUUfTdTfTdTfTd+0W@@?~ +?cz0^mo)i*_ *x endstream endobj 78 0 obj <> endobj 79 0 obj [/ICCBased 108 0 R] endobj 80 0 obj <>stream 1926.1404 - Assembly/Disassemblygeneral requirements (applies to all assembly and disassembly operations). Note to paragraph (b)(1). 0000013825 00000 n The employer shall ensure that only manual electrode holders intended for arc welding and cutting and capable of handling the maximum current required for such welding or cutting shall be used. Before entry is authorized, each entry employer must document the completion of measures required by 1926.1204 (c) by preparing an entry permit. CFR Toolbox Law about. The employer shall ensure that when arc welders or cutters leave or stop work or when machines are moved, the power supply switch shall be kept in the off position. Arc welding and cutting cables shall be insulated, flexible and capable of handling the maximum current required by the operations, taking into account the duty cycles. The entry permit that documents compliance with this section and authorizes entry to a permit space must identify: 1926.1206 (a) The permit space to be entered; 1926.1206 (b) The purpose of the entry; 1926.1206 (c) The date and the authorized duration of the entry permit; 1926.1206 (d) 0000009131 00000 n How and when to acquire a hot work permit and who can supervise them. 0000019582 00000 n Cylinders, cylinder caps and valves, couplings, regulators, hose, and apparatus shall be kept free from oil or greasy substances and shall not be handled with oily hands or gloves. The employer shall instruct all employees involved in hot work operations as to potential fire hazards and the use of firefighting equipment. Shut down all operation if you discover a fire hazard without a fire watch. 0000007213 00000 n osha hot work permit requirements 1926; hot work permit checklist; hot work hazards and control measures pdf; sample hot work permit for cutting or welding; How to Edit Your Hot Work Permit Osha Standard Online. 0000016958 00000 n 0000052058 00000 n Cylinders shall be placed where they cannot become part of an electrical circuit. 1926.200 - Accident prevention signs and tags. 1926.954 - Personal protective equipment. ___ A Fire Watch has been posted, if it is required, during hot work operations and for 30 minutes after work has been completed. 1926 Subpart H - Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal. Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work. When electrode holders are left unattended, electrodes shall be removed and holders placed to prevent employee injury. sb`aY 0000003523 00000 n The controlling contractor and entry employer(s) must coordinate entry operations when: More than one entity performs permit space entry at the same time; or. 0000018793 00000 n 1926.652 - Requirements for protective systems. Ground connections shall be mechanically and electrically adequate to carry the current. 1926.432 - Environmental deterioration of equipment. . 1929 wheat penny. Communications. Some of these requirements include: 29 CFR 1926.352 - Welding, and Cutting Fire Prevention FCC Hot Work Program New York State Fire Code (NYSFC) Chapter 35 1926.1433 - Design, construction and testing. The Division of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), better known as Cal/OSHA, protects and improves the health and safety of working men and women in California and the safety of passengers riding on elevators, amusement rides, and tramways - through the following activities: Setting and enforcing standards 1926.450 - Scope, application and definitions applicable to this subpart. Permits usu-ally are valid only for the length of the working shift; but never more than 24 hours. Regulators and gauges. 0000013064 00000 n 1926.500 - Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart. 1926.1426 - Free fall and controlled load lowering. Employees in areas not protected from the arc by screening shall be protected by appropriate filter lenses in accordance with paragraph (h) of this section. Structures or pipelines forming a temporary ground return circuit shall have electrical contact at all joints. Yann Wehrling, vice-prsident de la rgion le-de-France, charg de la Transition cologique, et Patrice Leclerc, maire de Gennevilliers et Prsident du groupe Front De Gauche la . Insert the date. When cylinders are hoisted, they shall be secured on a cradle, slingboard, or pallet. 0000020682 00000 n All cylinders used shall meet the Department of Transportation requirements published in 49 CFR part 178, subpart C, Specification for Cylinders. OSHA 300 Log of Work-Related Fatalities, Injuries and Illness. 1926.449 - Definitions applicable to this subpart. 0000004560 00000 n Occupational Safety & Health Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Outreach Training Program (10- and 30-hour Cards), OSHA Training Institute Education Centers, Severe Storm and Flood Recovery Assistance. Variations of one or two shade numbers are permissible to suit individual preferences. The employer shall ensure that general mechanical ventilation or local exhaust systems shall meet the following requirements: General mechanical ventilation shall maintain vapors, fumes and smoke below a hazardous level. The valve of a fuel gas cylinder shall not be cracked where the gas would reach welding work, sparks, flame, or other possible sources of ignition. If filter lenses are used in goggles worn under the helmet, the shade numbers of both lenses equals the value shown in Table G-1 for the operation. Before an employee enters the space, the internal atmosphere must be tested, with a calibrated direct-reading instrument, for oxygen content, for flammable gases and vapors, and for potential toxic air contaminants, in that order. Employees performing hot work in confined or enclosed spaces involving beryllium-containing base or filler metals shall be protected by local exhaust ventilation and wear supplied air respirators or self-contained breathing apparatus, in accordance with the requirements of 1910.134. 0000006757 00000 n 1926.107 - Definitions applicable to this subpart. When welders are exposed to their own arc or to each other's arc, filter lenses complying with the requirements of paragraph (h) of this section shall be worn to protect against flashes and radiant energy. (1378.96 kPa) before reuse. 1926.906 - Initiation of explosive charges-electric blasting. Ground return cables shall have current-carrying capacity equal to or exceeding the total maximum output capacities of the welding or cutting units served. When not in use, manifold and header hose connections shall be capped. 1926.1432 - Multiple-crane/derrick liftssupplemental requirements. 1926.951 - Medical services and first aid. Once again, thoroughly examine all OSHA codes for details. Any employee who enters the space, or that employee's authorized representative, must be provided with an opportunity to observe the testing required by this paragraph (e)(2)(vi). 1926.23 - First aid and medical attention. Hose connections shall be clamped or securely fastened to withstand twice the normal working pressure but not less than 300 p.s.i. 0000018041 00000 n 1926.350 (a) (1) Valve protection caps shall be in place and secured. 0000052485 00000 n 0000021444 00000 n Empty containers shall be removed from the hot work area. Some of the rules apply to dangerous jobs like hot worksuch as welding and cuttingrequired for activities as diverse as bio-pharmacy, food production, nuclear power generation, and aviation. Except when the contents are being removed or transferred, drums, pails, and other containers which contain or have contained flammable liquids shall be kept closed. 0000005574 00000 n 1926.62 App A - Substance Data Sheet for Occupational Exposure to Lead, 1926.62 App B - Employee Standard Summary, 1926.62 App C - Medical Surveillance Guidelines. For additional details not covered in this subpart, applicable technical portions of American National Standards Institute, Z49.1-1967, Safety in Welding and Cutting, shall apply. Gas welding equipment shall be maintained free of oil and grease. Get Form. Any special wrench required for emergency closing shall be positioned on the valve stem during cylinder use. Cylinders should be stored in definitely assigned places away from elevators, stairs, or gangways. The precautions that the host employer, controlling contractor, or other entry employers implemented for the protection of employees in the permit spaces. Hose connections shall be kept free of grease and oil. (This action is generally termed "cracking" and is intended to clear the valve of dust or dirt that might otherwise enter the regulator.) A single hose having more than one gas passage shall not be used. 1926.20 - General safety and health provisions. 1926.1153 App A - Methods of Sample Analysis, 1926.1153 App B - Medical Surveillance Guidelines, 1926 Subpart AA - Confined Spaces in Construction. 1926.104 - Safety belts, lifelines, and lanyards. 0000012747 00000 n 0000007177 00000 n Highlights Oregon OSHA's additional confined space requirements (effective Sept. 1, 2022); describes employers' role in evaluating welding operations in a confined or permit space that is potentially hazardous. 1926 Subpart V - Electric Power Transmission and Distribution. Some OSHA regulations require a specific retention period for documents. 1926.965 - Underground electrical installations. 0000013465 00000 n Hose couplings shall be of the type that cannot be unlocked or disconnected by means of a straight pull without rotary motion. This section contains the required practices and procedures necessary to protect employees from fire and explosion hazards associated with hot work. Defective torches shall not be used. 1926.964 - Overhead lines and live-line barehand work. %\9 No damaged or defective cylinder shall be used. If the object to be welded or cut cannot readily be moved, all movable fire hazards in the vicinity shall be taken to a safe place. The review identifies the type and location of the work, personnel roles, and responsibilities, necessary precautions, and duration of the permit. 1926.1408 - Power line safety (up to 350 kV)equipment operations. 1926.64 - Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals. 0000052752 00000 n Boxes used for the storage of gas hose shall be ventilated. Assigned storage places shall be located where cylinders will not be knocked over or damaged by passing or falling objects, or subject to tampering by unauthorized persons. 1926.50 - Medical services and first aid. Nothing shall be placed on top of a cylinder or associated parts when the cylinder is in use. Workers, supervisors, fire wardens, and contractors should be trained specific to their roles. Cn|lv }9! 0000052551 00000 n 1926.902 - Surface transportation of explosives. When welding, cutting, or heating is performed on walls, floors, and ceilings, since direct penetration of sparks or heat transfer may introduce a fire hazard to an adjacent area, the same precautions shall be taken on the opposite side as are taken on the side on which the welding is being performed. English 02/15/2023 . Local exhaust ventilation shall consist of movable hoods positioned close to the work and shall be of such capacity and arrangement as to keep breathing zone concentrations below hazardous levels. OSHA has very specific regulations covering welding, brazing and cutting operations. 1926.1414 - Wire ropeselection and installation criteria. 0000052089 00000 n Getting a hot work permit before performing hot work is just one of steps involved in a hot work . 1926.407 - Hazardous (classified) locations. Entry into the permit space under the terms of paragraph (e)(1) of this section is performed in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (e)(2) of this section. 1926.65 App A - Personal Protective Equipment Test Methods, 1926.65 App B - General Description and Discussion of the Levels of Protection and Protective Gear, 1926.65 App E - Training Curriculum Guidelines - Non-mandatory. 1926.752 - Site layout, site-specific erection plan and construction sequence. Note to paragraph (h). 1926.1003 - Overhead protection for operators of agricultural and industrial tractors used in construction. |_W+B s&M07Any'hz)(QM/Q^F>cE>]co7 F~o7 F~o7W*UI J_YZhx3cJkCp{]~pq B* endstream endobj 81 0 obj <>stream 0000052667 00000 n Unless a host employer or controlling contractor has or will have employees in a confined space, it is not required to enter any confined space to collect the information specified in this paragraph (h). Displaying signs in areas where performing hot work is prohibited. Use of fuel gas. The area supervisor is responsible. The Hot Work Permit is key to managing hot and preventing fires. Oxygen cylinders and fittings shall be kept away from oil or grease. Articles from Wex Table of Popular Names Parallel Table of Authorities The cylinder valve shall always be opened slowly to prevent damage to the regulator. 1926.1441 - Equipment with a rated hoisting/ lifting capacity of 2,000 pounds or less. 1926.24 - Fire protection and prevention. Gas hose storage boxes shall be ventilated. Definition. 1926.1407 - Power line safety (up to 350 kV)assembly and disassembly. If hazards arise within a permit space that has been reclassified as a non-permit space under paragraph (g) of this section, each employee in the space must exit the space. Valve protection caps shall be in place and secured. 1917.152 (c) (3) 0000210649 00000 n Hit the arrow with the inscription Next to move from field to field. 0000002269 00000 n Where relocation is impractical, combustibles shall be protected with flame proof covers, shielded with metal, guards, curtains, or wet down material to help prevent ignition of . Hot work includes cutting, welding, brazing, soldering, and any process involving the application of a naked flame. Continuous forced air ventilation must be used, as follows: An employee must not enter the space until the forced air ventilation has eliminated any hazardous atmosphere; The forced air ventilation must be so directed as to ventilate the immediate areas where an employee is or will be present within the space and must continue until all employees have left the space; The air supply for the forced air ventilation must be from a clean source and must not increase the hazards in the space. 0000048630 00000 n Operational precaution. Those measures can include, but are not limited to, the lockout or tagging of equipment and procedures for purging, inerting, ventilating, and flushing permit spaces. 1926.1208 - Duties of authorized entrants. 0000006146 00000 n 1926 Subpart S App A - Decompression Tables. When oxygen and fuel gas hoses are taped together, not more than four (4) of each 12 inches (10.16 cm of each 30.48 cm) shall be taped. (2068.44 kPa) without leaking. When hot work must be performed in a location that is not free of fire hazards, all necessary precautions shall be taken to confine heat, sparks, and slag so that they cannot contact flammable or combustible material. 1926.151 Fire prevention. CHAPTER XVII - OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR PART 1926 - SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION Subpart F - Fire Protection and Prevention 29 CFR Subpart F - Fire Protection and Prevention CFR prev | next 1926.150 Fire protection. 1926 Subpart L App A - Scaffold Specifications, 1926 Subpart L App B - Criteria for Determining the Feasibility of Providing Safe Access and Fall Protection for Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Outreach Training Program (10- and 30-hour Cards), OSHA Training Institute Education Centers, Severe Storm and Flood Recovery Assistance. To the extent possible, hot work shall be performed in designated locations that are free of fire hazards. 1926.958 - Materials handling and storage. Fuel gas and oxygen manifolds shall bear the name of the substance they contain in letters at least 1-inch high which shall be either painted on the manifold or on a sign permanently attached to it. 1926 Subpart R App C - Illustrations of Bridging Terminus Points: Non-Mandatory Guidlines for Complying with 1926.757(a)(10) and 1926.757(c)(5). 1926.417 - Lockout and tagging of circuits. A fire watch is an employee familiar with the work to be done, who watches whenever welding, cutting or other hot work is performed. Torch tip openings shall only be cleaned with devices designed for that purpose. 67 66 Means of detecting an increase in atmospheric hazard levels in the event the ventilation system stops working; Each person, by name, currently serving as an attendant; The individual, by name, currently serving as entry supervisor, and the signature or initials of each entry supervisor who authorizes entry; The hazards of the permit space to be entered; The measures used to isolate the permit space and to eliminate or control permit space hazards before entry; Hot work areas shall not be less than 35 feet from combustible materials and combustible waste If the object to be welded, cut, or heated cannot be moved and if all the fire hazards cannot be removed, positive means shall be taken to confine the heat, sparks, and slag, and to protect the immovable fire hazards from them. Fuel gas and oxygen hoses shall be easily distinguishable from each other by color or sense of touch. When the hot work operation is such that normal fire prevention precautions are not sufficient, additional personnel shall be assigned to guard against fire during hot work and for a sufficient time after completion of the work to ensure that no fire hazard remains. trailer <<1B13CD194470406EBFF083678E0EF562>]/Prev 264003>> startxref 0 %%EOF 132 0 obj <>stream 1926.903 - Underground transportation of explosives. Hot Work Permit . H\n0z 1926.1127 App A - Substance Safety Data Sheet - Cadmium, 1926.1127 App B - Substance Technical Guidelines for Cadmium, 1926.1127 App C - Qualitative and Quantitative Fit Testing Procedures, 1926.1127 App D - Occupational Health History Interview With Reference to Cadmium Exposure, 1926.1127 App E - Cadmium in Workplace Atmospheres, 1926.1127 App F - Nonmandatory Protocol for Biological Monitoring. 1926 Subpart R App A - Guidelines for establishing the components of a site-specific erection plan: Non-Mandatory Guidelines for Complying with 1926.752(e). 14 of 1950. Adapters shall not be used to permit the interchange of hose. If, when the valve on a fuel gas cylinder is opened, there is found to be a leak around the valve stem, the valve shall be closed and the gland nut tightened. Torches shall not be lighted from matches, cigarette lighters, other flames or hot work. In accordance with OSHA standards, contractors are required to apply for these permits through the company's permit-authorizing individual (PAI). Defective hose shall not be used. Near any area in which exposed readily ignitable materials such as bulk sulphur, baled paper or cotton are stored. Cylinders containing oxygen or acetylene or other fuel gas shall not be taken into confined spaces. 1926.353 - Ventilation and protection in welding, cutting, and heating. 1926.22 - Recording and reporting of injuries. Oxygen and fuel gas pressure regulators, including their related gauges, shall be in proper working order while in use. Inert-gas metal-arc welding. An employer whose employees enter a permit space need not comply with 1926.1204 through 1206 and 1926.1208 through 1211, provided that all of the following conditions are met: The employer can demonstrate that all physical hazards in the space are eliminated or isolated through engineering controls so that the only hazard posed by the permit space is an actual or potential hazardous atmosphere; The employer can demonstrate that continuous forced air ventilation alone is sufficient to maintain that permit space safe for entry, and that, in the event the ventilation system stops working, entrants can exit the space safely; The employer develops monitoring and inspection data that supports the demonstrations required by paragraphs (e)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section; If an initial entry of the permit space is necessary to obtain the data required by paragraph (e)(1)(iii) of this section, the entry is performed in compliance with 1926.1204 through 1926.1211; The determinations and supporting data required by paragraphs (e)(1)(i), (ii), and (iii) of this section are documented by the employer and are made available to each employee who enters the permit space under the terms of paragraph (e) of this section or to that employee's authorized representative; and. Helmets and hand shields shall not have leaks, openings or highly reflective surfaces. Before heat is applied to a drum, container, or hollow structure, a vent or opening shall be provided for the release of any built-up pressure during the application of heat. 1926.1103 - 13 Carcinogens (4-Nitrobiphenyl, etc.). Includes how employers must control respiratory hazards in the space; testing the internal atmosphere; and what to document for each entry. It may act as a source of ignition (fire) in the area where flammable material is placed or handled. 1910.252 (a) (1) (ii) Guards. If testing and inspection during that entry demonstrate that the hazards within the permit space have been eliminated or isolated, the permit space may be reclassified as a non-permit confined space for as long as the hazards remain eliminated or isolated; The entry employer must document the basis for determining that all hazards in a permit space have been eliminated or isolated, through a certification that contains the date, the location of the space, and the signature of the person making the determination. 1926.1411 - Power line safetywhile traveling. Ventilation and employee protection in welding, cutting and heating -. Fuel gas hose and oxygen hose shall be easily distinguishable from each other. Hot electrode holders shall not be dipped in water. Shall not have objects that might either damage the safety device or obstruct the valve placed on top of the cylinder when in use. 0000054814 00000 n Nothing shall be placed on top of a fuel gas cylinder, when in use, which may damage the safety device or interfere with the quick closing of the valve. The written program must be made available prior to and during entry operations for inspection by employees and their authorized representatives. 1926.441 - Batteries and battery charging. 1926 Subpart L App E - Drawings and Illustrations. C [^. F. FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS (As per Section 2604 of FDNY Fire Code) Separation from combustibles. Torches shall be inspected before each use for leaking shut-off valves, hose couplings and tip connections. 29 CFR 1904.0. Permit space entry is performed at the same time that any activities that could foreseeably result in a hazard in the permit space are performed. Permits can be requested at any time by using the on-line application form. CocoDoc makes it very easy to edit your . Oxygen and fuel hoses shall not be interchangeable. The basic precautions for fire prevention in welding or cutting work are: 1910.252 (a) (1) (i) Fire hazards. 1926 Subpart R App H - Double Connections: Illustration of a Clipped End Connection and a Staggered Connection: Non-Mandatory Guidelines for Complying with 1926.756(c)(1). 1926.858 - Removal of steel construction. 1926.904 - Storage of explosives and blasting agents. Assuming a hot work permit is required, it must be issued by a "Permit Authorizing Individual (PAI)." It is the responsibility of the department employing and supervising Welding, cutting and heating (hot work)[12] (See also 1917.2, definition of Hazardous cargo, materials, substance, or atmosphere). The employer must implement measures to protect employees from the hazard before any subsequent entry takes place. If the workplace contains one or more permit spaces, the employer who identifies, or who receives notice of, a permit space must: Inform, in a timely manner and in a manner other than posting, its employees' authorized representatives and the controlling contractor of the existence and location of, and the danger posed by, each permit space.